Helicobacter pylori is a bacteria that can infect the small intestine. This spiral-shaped microorganism is acid-resistant, so it can easily survive in environments with a higher pH. This is one of the many reasons it remains unharmed in the gastrointestinal tract in contact with acid and stomach enzymes. The infection can cause damage to stomach tissues and the initial part of the small intestine. Here are its symptoms, causes, and treatment options:

Symptoms
H. pylori can exist in the GI tract for years without causing any symptoms, however, the infection might lead to discomfort and pain. One can experience the following symptoms upon contracting the infection:

Ulcers: An H. pylori infection can cause ulcers (sores) in the lining of the stomach or small intestine, leading to pain.

Abdominal pain or discomfort: This can range from mild to severe pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, typically worsening when the stomach is empty. The infection can cause inflammation in the stomach lining, making one experience a dull pain that does not go away.

Nausea and vomiting: Some people with H. pylori infection may experience nausea and vomiting, especially after eating.

Bloating and belching: Those dealing with the infection may experience frequent bloating and belching.

Fatigue: The infection can cause weakness and fatigue. The bacterial infection here can lead to poor appetite, further contributing to fatigue.

Anemia: In rare cases, H. pylori infection can cause iron deficiency or anemia. This is usually triggered by poor iron absorption as a result of the infection.

Additionally, one should keep an eye out for blood in the stool and other severe signs if they suspect a bacterial infection.

Causes and risk factors
The most common causes of a Helicobacter pylori infection are unhygienic living conditions and contaminated food and water. The bacterium is able to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach and can be transmitted through close contact with an infected person. Here are some of factors that increase the risk of a Helicobacter pylori infection:

Poor sanitation: H. pylori infections are more common in regions with limited access to clean water and living conditions. Poor hygiene can increase the risk of infection.

Crowded living conditions: If one lives in a cramped, crowded place, they are more likely to contract this bacterial infection.

Living with an infected person: Close contact with someone dealing with the H. pylori infection increases the risk of contracting the bacteria

Diagnosis
First, the doctor will conduct diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of H. pylori. One may have to undergo a stool test, breath test, or an upper endoscopy exam to check for the typical symptoms and rule out other underlying causes of peptic ulcers and inflammation. These tests may be recommended again once the treatment ends to confirm that the bacteria has been removed from the system.

Treatment
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterial infection, and the treatment focuses on fighting the bacteria and preventing further complications. The infection can increase the risk of ulcers and stomach cancer, so it is important to recognize the signs and seek timely care. So, the doctor may recommend a few prescription options to tackle bacterial growth and reduce inflammation caused by the bacteria. A comprehensive treatment plan here typically involves a combination of prescription options to kill the bacteria and reduce stomach acid to allow ulcers to heal. Doctors usually recommend a 7- to 14-day course of prescriptions. The choice of prescription treatments may vary depending on individual preferences, the severity of the infection, and the medical history. In some cases, multiple courses of prescriptions may be required if the infection does not go away with the initial treatment. It is important to complete the full course as prescribed, even if one begins to feel better with a few doses. Failure to complete the full course of treatment can lead to a higher risk of recurrent infection.

After treatment, a follow-up test may be recommended to confirm that the infection has been successfully cleared. Some people may also need long-term acid-reducing prescription treatments to manage symptoms and prevent the recurrence of ulcers.

Helicobacter pylori is primarily spread through contaminated food and water, but it can also be transmitted through close contact with an infected person. One should recognize the risk factors, only have food and water from clean sources, and ensure that they practice good hygiene. If left untreated, H. pylori infection can lead to further complications. So, it is important to consult a doctor and get tested if one experiences one or more of the common symptoms.